Slavery3 Essay Example For Students

Slavery3 Essay An individual who is held in subjugation to another; one who is entirely dependent upon the desire of another; one who is held as ownership; one who has no opportunity, yet who is and benefits are completely heavily influenced by another, this is the meaning of a run of the mill slave. What strikes a chord when you hear the word slave? What do a great many people picture in their mind when they hear the word Slave? A great many people consequently observe distinctive shading when the word slave is referenced. Individuals in this general public dont see the truth about or recognize individuals, yet what they do. Generalizing is simply in people groups nature, it is simpler to name somebody by class, than by quality of character. Generalizing, is the way individuals depict one another. A Seven-Eleven proprietor is naturally Indian, a Mexican must be a group part, a rich individual of color is without a doubt a street pharmacist, a Persian should possess a service station, and the rundo wn continues forever. For a similar explanation, when individuals hear the word slave, they picture a major, strong, charcoal shaded African, working in a field some place in the south heavily influenced by a white man. Slaves and bondage has been around for a long time, route before America was established. Be that as it may, another type of subjection developed with the revelation of the New World. There is a wide range of viewpoints subjugation, and every one of these points had its own impact on the history. Womens job in subjection, Plantation subjugation and the Underground Railroad are a couple of points that are critical throughout the entire existence of bondage. What job did ladies play consistently? Slave families tended to be insecure, because of the idea of the organization of subjection. Experts could sell individuals from the family away in the event that they wanted, or could isolate the family on the estate, making them work in various regions. In spite of this precariousness, the family would in general be a focal piece of a slaves life, it gave them something to clutch. Ladies assumed a noteworthy job in the improvement of this family. Slave proprietors regularly didn't separate between sexual orientations on the field, and in this way the ladies frequently wound up working close by men in hands on work. In any case, inside the slave network, there was a distinction. The men normally did the errands, for example, catching and chasing creatures for food, while the ladies accomplished a greater amount of the residential obligations. While these local obligations would in general add more work to the slave womens day, the residential w ork was a path for ladies to oppose the ace to some extent. Ladies accomplished these work to keep themselves and their families solid, and would once in a while help a runaway slave by accommodating that person. These obligations were here and there a delight to slave ladies, since they offered a level of individual satisfaction. One slave ladies, Mary Colquitt, commented that her grandma and mom had frequently kept awake until late sewing garments for the youngsters, saying, Dey done it cause dey needed to. Dey wuz working for deyselves den.(Jones,29) Ironically, this work thinking about themselves and their families additionally profited the slave proprietors, since sound slaves implied that the experts could get more work out of them, and in this way get more cash-flow when the yields were reaped. The family was essential to most slave ladies, and they had methods of ensuring that they remained together, however these werent idiot proof. A ladies doled out to the Big House when the remainder of her family was on the fields could revolt, therefore making a mistresss life hopeless by truly sitting idle. This would regularly make the special lady send the ladies to the fields, which is the thing that she needed in any case, so she could be with her family. (25) Another way a young ladies slave could make it workable for herself to remain with her family was by getting pregnant at an early age. Experts shunned the selling of ladies that showed richness, since they would have the option to get bigger work power from these ladies. Likewise, slave families with small kids were bound to be kept together. In these manners, ladies oversaw keeping their families all together. Ladies slaves additionally spoke to a power figure inside their families and networks. Spouses were regularly rea dy to incite in any case non-forceful husbands into demonstrations of defiance to the ace. Likewise, moms frequently instructed their kids, showing them how to sew or do other family unit tasks that they would should have the option to accomplish for their families. Senior ladies frequently held significant situations inside the network too. These ladies frequently learned home grown medication, and were seen as the specialists , which was particularly significant since the white specialist didn't visit regularly. Ned Chaney said of his Granny Silla, Everbody set a store of sto by her. I figure, since she done cumullated so much information an in light of the fact that her head were so white.(40-41). Female slaves naturally didn't need their youngsters to become slaves, in the event that it was conceivable at all to stay away from it. In this manner numerous ladies attempted to escape with their kids. Some felt that theyd preferably slaughter their kids over have them become slaves. A genuine case of this is Margaret Garner. She and her better half and youngsters got away with a gathering of different slaves in the winter of 1856, when the Ohio River was solidified over. They made it to the opposite side of the stream (into opportunity), yet there their followers found them. At the point when it got clear to Margaret that they would not stay free, she endeavored to execute her kids and herself. She cut the throat of her little girl, yet was controlled before she could finish the assignment. She was then come back to her lord, after a Commissioner concluded that she was still lawfully a slave, yet she suffocated in a Not just did the ladies succumb to subjugation, yet in addition the African men who were wreck while being sent back to Kentucky. Not exclusively did the ladies succumb to servitude, yet in addition the African men were delivered over from their homeland to till the ground of the New World. The warm atmosphere, unfathomable fields of ripe soil, long developing seasons, and various conduits gave positive conditions to cultivating estates in the South (Foster 63). The wealth of the South relied upon the profitability of the manors (Katz 3). With the development of the cotton gin, extension of the nation happened. This required the spread of subjection (Foster 64). Their white proprietors controlled slaves, possessed by one out of four families, from birth to death. Dark men, ladies, and youngsters drudged in the fields and houses under shocking conditions (Katz 3-5). The slave framework endeavored to devastate dark family structure and remove human pride (Starobin, 101). Slaves had a hard existence on the Southern ranches. Most slaves were brought from Africa, either seized or sold by their clans to slave catcher s for damaging an ancestral order. Some were even exchanged for tobacco, sugar, and other helpful items (Cowan and Maguire 58). Those not executed or fortunate enough to get away from the slave-getting assaults were anchored together (Foster 64). The slaves had no comprehension of what was befalling them. They were from various clans and of various communicating in dialects. Most caught blacks had never observed the white cleaned outsiders who went ahead long, abnormal pontoons to travel them over the sea. They could never observe their families or local grounds again. These lamentable individuals were shackled and packed firmly into the holds of boats for a considerable length of time. Some would not eat and others ended it all by hopping over the edge (Foster 63). The Crucible Essay OutlineBy 1807, a law was passed to make it illicit to import any longer slaves. Rural enhancements tagged along, and with the predetermined number of slaves left in the states, the estimation of the slaves went up rapidly. Cancelation Societies started to shape, and alongside strict gatherings got dynamic in helping captives to opportunity (AFRO). The Railroad started to come to fruition. A shape that is right up 'til the present time extremely difficult to depict. Tracks were laid to help the captives to opportunity. Individuals talked in mystery to clear safe ways for the captives to run on. These were the tracks. Letters were sent that had phrasing or code for the blacks. A great deal of the terms originate from things found along railways. This is on the grounds that genuine railways as of now were the most up to date thing and happened to be the subject of decision for discussion. This made it all the simpler for the partners of the railroad to convey going unnoticed. Along the tracks, there were warehouses, safe houses to remain. These were places of free whites or blacks where they could shroud when they werent running. The individuals who claimed the houses were frequently called conductors. The conductors regularly left various finishes paperwork for the captives to follow so they didnt go to houses that had a place with partners of the slave proprietors. A blanket on the clothesline delineating a house with smoke coming out of the fireplace was an indication of a sheltered station. A white ring of blocks around the highest point of a houses stack was another indication of a decent concealing spot. Shops that were protected regularly had an outline of an escaping man or lady on in sign. Different signs were utilized to manage the slaves. There were thumps that slaves utilized when moving toward a house, creature calls, and lights hung in windows. At the point when a slave was moving to the following house along the railroad, this was called ge tting the following train (AFRO). There were additionally tunes that offered headings to slaves that were educated to everybody with the goal that they may remember the way. One such, was Follow the Drinking Gourd The drinking gourd was the slaves phrasing for the huge scoop. The Big Dippers handle focuses toward the north star, which they could use to discover their direction north. The melody gave tourist spots en route to follow and a stanza from it says, the dead trees will show you the way (AFRO). This was placed in the melody which is as it should be. The essayist of this tune, alluded to as Peg-leg Joe, drew an image of a peg legg on the dead trees along the track with charcoal. The accompanying stanza is Left foot, peg foot trav

Medicine Alone Cannot Stop the Spread of HIV/Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

On the off chance that the world was to be improved a spot to live, at that point just two things remain while in transit to that acknowledgment: degraded neediness and malady. Truth be told, it isn't amazing that the two are some the significant worries of the 21st century in numerous nations. The UN, in its part, recognizes battling HIV/Aids all around and wretched neediness in underdeveloped nations as the guide to the accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2004, 46). Notwithstanding, the truth in the creating nations point to a glaring truth: the battle has far to go. In reality, the current age of the third world’s experiencing masses acquired their hopelessness their antecedents, and there is a probability that they will give their misfortunes to their kids. In the battle against illness, it is clear that HIV/Aids has guaranteed the need recently given to jungle fever. In Africa, particularly, most non-legislative associations are engaged with helping the landmass think about its weight of Aids patients. Practically day by day, the UN, The World Bank and contributors from the grew west dispatch transfers of alleviation help as antiretroviral medications to Africa to assist Africa with battling the pandemic. In any case, it is turning out to be progressively evident that in Africa, the world is altogether losing the war against HIV/Aids. Rather than diminishing, diseases in many nations are expanding, while an ever increasing number of individuals keep on dieing from HIV related difficulties. The current circumstance is a solid sign that the methodology taken to battle the disease isn't working. A significant part of the endeavors are coordinated toward treating the issue, while disregarding a large group of different variables which thwart fruitful regulation of the infection. They incorporate social practices, poor administration, obliviousness, fantastic authority defilement just as destitution. In sub-Saharan Africa, particularly, these achievements sabotage any endeavors to battle the infection. Regarding the circumstance in sub-Saharan Africa, the paper contends that medication alone can't free mankind of the Aids scourge. To the extent HIV/Aids is concerned, all that medication can do is treat indications, yet not forestall its spread. In such manner, Aids keep on rampaging in light of the fact that assets are coordinated towards tending to disease cases, while disregarding the components that lead to more contaminations. Regardless of whether medication was to totally fix the infection, new cases will consistently emerge. In this manner, the significant shortcoming of a clinical way to deal with battling HIV/Aids in sub-Saharan Africa is that it just handles a small amount of the contributing variables, yet endeavors to help those effectively tainted (McKee, et al, 2004, 297). Other than forestalling mother-kid contamination during birth, medication does little to address the Aids scourge in the more extensive setting. While it targets casualties, it doesn’t address the social and financial variables that keep on adding more casualties to the crease. Shockingly enough, a large portion of these contributing variables have no clinical measurement by any stretch of the imagination, prompting the end that more than medication alone can contain the Aids alarm in sub-Saharan Africa. Poor initiative among Africa’s political class makes the battle against HIV/Aids a miserable undertaking (Europa Publications, 2004, 25). Their absence of national vision guarantees that relevant issues identified with the annihilation of preventable illnesses are disregarded. Subsequently, poor arrangements are detailed, which are similarly inadequately executed. It is peculiar that since 1979 when the main instances of the contamination was analyzed among gays in New York, USA, after 30 years, the scourge is hitting hardest a great many miles away, where gay connections are an untouchable. Despite what might be expected, the created countries have effectively contained its spread, which had little to do with cutting edge medication. The fundamental certainty is that medication neither fixes nor keeps one from getting the infections. It along these lines follows that the endeavors that prompted the fruitful control of the contamination in the west had little to do with medication. Then again, great administration and compelling approaches could be credited to their prosperity. As an unmistakable difference, most sub-Sahara African nations have no reasonable approaches on the best way to battle the scourge and forestall further contaminations. Identified with poor administration is wild debasement in government. The drive to battle Aids is to a great extent subsidized by contributor help. Be that as it may, the board of the assets is left to the recipients, whose absence of responsibility to the reason makes them to occupy assets intended to support casualties. Throughout the years, debasement in Africa has advanced into a mafia-like cartel, with a wide system of associations through which accounts are directed from open coffers. At the point when defilement turns into a culture, as of now it is in sub-Saharan Africa, assets implied for a national reason consistently discover their way into private hands. It has been broadly contended that Africa endures not due to constrained assets, yet rather in light of the fact that those assets are abused to serve the interests of a couple of individuals. It s the equivalent with assets intended to battle HIV/Aids. In any case how much the World Bank and givers siphon into Africa, the issue is going to endure as long as the defilement exists. The contention that Africans ought to be left to run their show on grounds of self-sufficiency is pretense to permit degenerate people in charge. The sadness of the landmass is the acknowledgment that contributors must spending plan for the use to the last coin, else they ought to be eager to keep a steady income to continue the ravenousness of thieves. Social practices are the best hindrance in the war against the spread of HIV/Aids (Baxen and Breidlid, 2009, 33). In certain pieces of sub-Sahara African nations, for example, Kenya and Uganda, female circumcision is a typical practice in many networks. In Kenya, for example, genital mutilation is the pre-imperative to marriage, and all things considered, all young ladies must face the blade to get a spouse. The training is profoundly established in the Maasai people group, where young ladies are grabbed from school to be circumcised before they are quickly offered. Be that as it may, the most serious risk isn't marriage, but instead the circumcision itself. It isn't led by a specialist, however by a neighborhood birthing assistant or cultivator, who thinks minimal about disinfection and sterile treatment of entry point instruments. Thusly, the starts share one blade, in this manner expanding odds of contamination. Additionally, polygamy and spouse legacy rehearses is an incredible threat. Among the Luo clan of Kenya, widows are acquired by their husband’s siblings, in any case the reason for death. It is through such practices that the pandemic spread quickly in the network, clearing out entire families in fast progressions. In Swaziland, the ruler himself is the trailblazer of polygamy. He holds the yearly Dance of the Reeds, whose sole reason for existing is for King Mswati to pick an extra spouse from among the virgin artists. The political arrangement of the nation is monarchial, and the ruler has more than once figured out how to overcome dissidents and activists contradicted to his overabundances. Along these lines, if the very pioneers who should provide guidance are lost in social practices that advance the spread of the infection, at that point no medication will prevent it from asserting the majority who gaze upward to such pioneers. Like in a fight, the imprudence of a general is the fate of an entire company. Presently, Swaziland is a modest nation encircled by S. Africa, whose president as of late cocked eyebrows (and gestures of understanding among polygamists) when he took his fourth spouse, who up to that point, appropriately, was his courtesan. Prior on, he had amazed numerous when he concurred that he had pampered his sexual ability on a HIV constructive female companion, however quieted people’s fears that he had cleaned up promptly a short time later to forestall disease. At the point when such foolishness originates from a head of state, it mirrors the woeful circumstance of the entire country. By what method can such a pioneer actualize any viable arrangement, when he puts stock in legends and odd feelings? Thusly, the solution for Aids, incidentally, isn't medication: it is changing the convictions and perspectives of the individuals. There is nothing that blinds like numbness. The West is liberated from the arms of the Aids scourge to a great extent in light of the fact that their populaces are educated, and mindful of viable counteraction measures. Despite what might be expected, high absence of education in sub-Saharan Africa has made numerous victims casualties of numbness (Coriat, 2008, 147). Truth be told, proficiency levels mirror the financial status of a populace. The day to day environments of most Africans is to a great extent pegged on their degree of training. Comparable to HIV/Aids, absence of data because of the failure to peruse or compose, opens numerous individuals to circumstances where they could get the infection without their insight. For example, individuals share cutting items, for example, razors, blades and needles; negligent of the risks to which they uncover themselves. Moreover, data about HIV/Aids is generally accessible in unknown dialects, which just a couple, the informed ones, could comprehend. Along these lines, the individuals who are uneducated, and who contains the greater part in sub-Saharan Africa, are denied access to data that could spare their lives. Ultimately, sub-Saharan Africa is faltering in wretched destitution (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2004, 87). Destitution adds to the spread of the disease the same number of young ladies take part in business sex to make a decent living. In many towns, the mushrooming of ghettos is ascribed to the convergence of jobseekers who come to get by (Brower and Chalk, 2003, 40). Be that as it may, Africa is for the most part portrayed by high joblessness rates. Subsequently, inability to make sure about a vocation drives numerous to ghetto life, and for most women, prostitution (Zichichi, et al, 2001, 627). The peril of prostitution is because of the way that business sex laborers don't pick their customers. In a manner of speaking, they are picked, laid and paid,

Does Marijuana Affect Driving Skills

Does Marijuana Affect Driving Skills Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How Does Marijuana Affect Driving? Chance of Crashing Increases If You Choose to Drive High By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 16, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 23, 2019 Alexandra Draghici/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Using marijuana can impair your judgment, motor coordination, ability to concentrate, and slow your reaction time. Therefore, it can impair your driving skills. Anytime the skills needed to drive safely are impaired, even slightly, the chances of having an auto crash increase. Specifically, studies have found that marijuana use affects the drivers concentration and ability to perceive time and distance. This may lead to poor speed control, drowsiness, distraction, and the inability to read road signs accurately. The Chances of Crashing Increases More than one research study has found a direct link between THC (the psychoactive chemical in marijuana)  concentration in the blood and impaired driving skills. An analysis of several studies has found that the risk of being involved in a motor vehicle crash significantly increases after using marijuana.  Another meta-analysis estimates that the risk of a crash that results in serious injury or death doubles after marijuana use.   In the 2015 Traffic Safety Facts: Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk report, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes that THC increased crash risk by 1.25 times. This figure took into account contributing factors such as alcohol use and testing procedures for intoxication, so it is actually lower than some contradictory reports. Some studies also note that high-risk groups for car accidents are those most likely to use marijuana. Most notably, this is young men in their late teens and 20s. This could play a factor in some of the statistics as well. Teenage Marijuana Use by the Numbers Higher Levels, Higher Risks When drivers are involved in auto crashes, the drivers with THC in their blood are more likely to be the driver responsible for the accidents. This is compared to drivers who were not using drugs or alcohol. It is particularly true when THC is found at higher levels. When marijuana use is combined with alcohol, the risk of having a highway mishap is significantly greater â€"  much greater than with either drug used by itself. With the two combined their effect on driving skills are not added, they are multiplied, research shows. Driving While Stoned Is Becoming Common Research from the NHTSA  indicates that when drivers are killed in motor vehicle crashes, drugs and alcohol are involved about 11 percent of the time. The NHTSA report also shows an increase in the number of drivers who have tested positive for marijuana. They state that one in four drivers tested had THC in their system. Increases in driving while under the influence of marijuana is attributed to the recent legalization and popularization of medical and recreational cannabis in many U.S. states. Some drivers who use marijuana claim that smoking weed actually improves their concentration and  therefore, their driving skills. Researchers have  concluded that this might be true for the first few minutes of driving. However, marijuana users can soon become weary, bored, or distracted and their attention can begin to drift. Problems With These Studies The NHTSA, CDC, and almost every researcher that studies this issue do note that there are concerns with the marijuana-impaired driving statistics. One glaring problem is the testing procedures because THC can be detected in a persons system for days or weeks at a time. Unlike roadside tests  for blood alcohol content, the tests currently used for marijuana can pick up traces even if the person is not impaired at the time of a crash. They may have smoked the day before or even earlier and the tests will still be positive. The CDC notes that multiple drugs in a persons system make it difficult to determine which contributed to a crash. Also, drivers are not always tested for drugs, particularly if they already have an illegal blood alcohol concentration level. All of these factors can throw off data used in scientific studies. The Risks Do Remain Despite these concerns, the research does show that marijuana impairs a persons ability to drive. Also, though the laws vary by state, it is illegal to drive impaired in the United States. Using marijuana and driving while impaired can have serious legal consequences. As a conclusion, the CDC says that the safest option is not to have any alcohol or drugs in your system at all. DUI Laws by State

How Our Aligning Behavior Shapes Everyday Life

Sociologists recognize that people do a lot of unseen work to make sure that our interactions with others go as we wish them to. Much of that work is about agreeing to or challenging what sociologists call the definition of the situation. Aligning action is any behavior that indicates to others the acceptance of a particular definition of the situation, while a realigning action  is an attempt to change the definition of the situation. For example, when the house lights dim in a theater, the audience typically stops talking and turns their attention to the stage. This indicates their acceptance and support for the situation and expectations that go with it and constitutes an aligning action. Conversely, an employer who makes sexual advances to an employee is trying to change the definition of the situation from one of work to one of sexual intimacy — an attempt that may or may not be met with an aligning action. The Theory Behind Aligning and Realigning Actions Aligning and realigning actions are part of sociologist Erving Goffmans dramaturgical perspective in sociology. This is a theory for framing and analyzing social interaction that uses the metaphor of the stage and a theater performance to tease out the intricacies of the many social interactions that comprise everyday life. Central to the dramaturgical perspective is a shared understanding of the definition of the situation. The definition of the situation must be shared and collectively understood in order for social interaction to happen. It is based on commonly understood social norms. Without it, we wouldnt know what to expect of each other, what to say to one another, or how to behave. According to Goffman, an aligning action is something a person does to indicate that they agree with the existing definition of the situation. Simply put, it means going along with what is expected. A realigning action is something that is designed to challenge or change the definition of the situation. It is something that either breaks with norms or seeks to establish new ones. Examplesof Aligning Actions Aligning actions are important because they tell those around us that we will behave in expected and normal ways. They can be totally commonplace and mundane, like waiting in line to purchase something at a shop, exiting an airplane in an orderly fashion after it has landed, or leaving a classroom at the ringing of the bell and heading to the next one before the next bell sounds. They can also be seemingly more important or momentous, like when we exit a building after a fire alarm has been activated, or when we wear black, bow our heads, and speak in quiet tones at a funeral. Whatever form they take, aligning actions say to others that we agree with the norms and expectations of a given situation and that we will act accordingly. Examplesof Realigning Actions Realigning actions are significant because they tell those around us that we are breaking from norms and that our behavior is likely to be unpredictable. They signal to those we interact with that tense, awkward, or even dangerous situations may follow. Importantly, realigning actions can also signal that the person making them believes that the norms that typically define the given situation are wrong, immoral, or unjust and that another definition of the situation is required to repair this. For example, when some audience members stood and began singing at a symphony performance in St. Louis in 2014, the performers on stage and most audience members were shocked. This behavior significantly redefined the typical definition of the situation for a classical musical performance in a theater. That they unfurled banners condemning the killing of young Black man Michael Brown and sang a slave hymn redefined the situation as one of peaceful protest and a call to action to the mostly white audience members to support the fight for justice. But, realigning actions can be mundane as well and can be as simple as clarifying in conversation when ones words are misunderstood. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Narrative Essay on One Thing I Would Like to Change about My Childhood

Narrative Essay on One Thing I Would Like to Change about My Childhood One Thing I Would Like to Change about My Childhood I had a happy and interesting childhood. As computers weren’t that popular among people and I didn’t have brothers or sisters, I spent almost all the time in the streets playing with other children. When I went to the kindergarten, I met two friends, with whom I started to play and spend every free minute I had. I was really happy till the moment when one of my friends went away to live in the other country. I still remember that moment. I just couldn’t believe my ears: Helen was going away for such a long period of time – 3 years, or even more. I didn’t know what to do and with whom to spend my free time, as with the other friend I wasn’t so close. Still, people say that time heals all the wounds, and I didn’t have another choice than to try to recollect myself and live further. After some time passed, I managed to overcome my disappointment to some extent. Helen wrote letters to me, but our correspondence was not as often as I wanted. I always was too busy to sit down and write a letter, and I think that she had the same problem. Thus, there were letters once a month, but they were a real happiness for me. I remember how I waited for the desired letter after I sent mine and how I was upset when I didn’t receive the answer for a long period of time. Now 8 years passed from that moment, but I still want to change this event in my life. Today there are several people with whom I like to spend my time, but I don’t have such friends as Helen. I just didn’t meet such people, or, maybe, I was afraid of meeting them, as I just knew I didn’t want to go through the same nightmare I did when my best friend went away. I still value this person very much and

Hamlet Love for Ophelia Free Essays

Hamlets Love For Ophelia Although the play Hamlet was written nearly 450 years ago by William Shakespeare, scholars still pose the question, â€Å"Did Hamlet really love Ophelia? † I believe Hamlet had feelings for Ophelia, but he never demonstrated true love for her. Several times in the play Hamlet denies his love for Ophelia. If he truly loved her, he would not want to hurt her. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet Love for Ophelia or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Hamlet accidently killed Polonius, he did not try to console Ophelia. If he truly loved her, he would have been at her side to provide comfort in her time of grief. Even at Ophelia’s funeral, he did not profess his love for Ophelia. If he truly loved her, he would have proclaimed his love for her to those present at the funeral. Hamlet’s actions prove that he didn’t have true love for Ophelia. The first time Hamlet denies his love for Ophelia is in Act III Scene I. Hamlet declares â€Å"I did love you once† after Ophelia has broken up with him. Ophelia replies â€Å"Indeed my lord you made me believe so. † Hamlet then pronounces, â€Å"You should not have believed me. † This demonstrates that Hamlet really did not love Ophelia. He continues on to express his lack of feelings for her, â€Å"I give you this plague of dowry; be thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shall not escape calumny. † He tells her to go away or he will destroy her good name. Although he might just be spewing words of bitterness because Ophelia has ended their relationship, if he really cared for her he would not want to slander her reputation. His lack concern for her virtuous character supports the argument that he does not truly love Ophelia. In Act III Scene IV Hamlet accidently slays Polonius. After doing so he feels no remorse and announces, â€Å"Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell. I took thee for thy better. † He believes Polonius got what he deserved. His lack of remorse for killing Ophelia’s father show he is not concerned with her feelings. Rather than feeling saddened by this unfortunate event, Hamlet takes delight in the fact that he has killed an eavesdropper who should not have been in the room listening to a private conversation. Not only is he pleased with the fact he has killed Polonius, but he also hides the body so there can be no proper burial for Polonius. If he truly loved Ophelia, he would want to express sorrow for her loss and support her through her grief. The death of Ophelia’s father causes her to go mad and she never recovers from the loss. Ultimately, she drowns in the brook, possibly committing suicide. Hamlet never goes to Ophelia to comfort her even though her actions indicate she is loosing her sanity. He leaves for England, at the urging of Claudius, rather than stay in Denmark where he could have monitored the health of Ophelia. If Hamlet truly loved Ophelia, he would have been there for her in her time of need. In the final act Hamlet is at the graveyard when he learns of Ophelia’s death. He is speaking with a gravedigger when Claudius enters with Gertrude, Laertes, a priest, mourners and a coffin. Hamlet hears Laertes voice and realizes he is speaking of Ophelia and it is her funeral. Hamlet enters the scene and jumps into Ophelia’s grave. Laertes proclaims’ â€Å"The devil take thy soul,† and he grapples with Hamlet. It is at this point Hamlet declares his love for Ophelia. â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her? † Hamlet only expresses his love for Ophelia after fighting with Laertes. He is trying to out do Laertes with his show of emotion. Even his mother is not convinced of his true love. She states, â€Å"This is mere madness. † In other words she is saying this too shall pass. Hamlet will get over Ophelia’s death. If he truly loved Ophelia, he would have grieved longer over her death. His display of emotion at the graveyard was only in response to the grief of Laertes and not a true love for Ophelia. If Hamlet had truly loved Ophelia, his actions would have demonstrated his true feelings. Instead he only professed his love for Ophelia when it was convenient for him. He used her for his gains and did not really show compassion for her. Even in her death he did not express genuine love for her. How to cite Hamlet Love for Ophelia, Papers

UFO And Aliens Essay Example For Students

UFO And Aliens Essay Unidentified flying objects and aliens can be proven through eyewitness accountsor encounters. On of the most common case would be the case of the Hills(Butler, 1). Returning to N. H., the hills had notices a strange light in thesky. Barney stopped the car, went out to observed the moving lights. He came tothe conclusion of the lights being an airplane, a star or a plant. AS theycontinued their ride the lights remained with them. That took away the idea thatthe object was a star or a planet. When the object drew closer, Betty looks atit and saw the shape of a disk like figure. That took a way the idea of it beingan airplane, so they got out of the car to get a better look. At one point, theobject got so close that Barney could see several beings staring down a pondthem. He lost control and shouted out they are going to capture us (2). We will write a custom essay on UFO And Aliens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They raced back to the car and took off unable to explain what had justhappened. The next thing that happened was that they heard a couple of beepslike a microwave oven going off. The next day Barney had notice some unexplainedblotches on the car. Later on that day the Hills realized they could notaccount for two hours and thirty-five miles of their journey. They begin to havestress problems. They could not explain what Betty was having strange dreamsabout being taken in to a room and being looked at by strange little beings. After that they begin to see many doctors. After a while their story had beenput together in the little pieces that they had been telling it in. The storythat was formed was that how their car was stopped by a group of strange lookingmen with pear shape heads and large wrapped around eyes. Then by force they werecarried on to the ship onto separate rooms. Then they were given different test. Some of the test includes taking skin and hair samples. While inside Bettyremember seeing a star map (3). Later on the map was identified as the ZetaReticule system. This proves that UFOs and aliens are real because whenexplaining what had happen they were both in separate rooms under hypnotist ion. And also their was no was to explain the lost in the time or the marks on thebody and the car.

Examine how modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types The WritePass Journal

Examine how modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types Introduction Examine how modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types IntroductionGraphics Processing Units Conclusion BibliographyRelated Introduction Parallel computing is known to be the act of concurrently using several computational resources such as CPUs to resolve IT problems (Knowledge Base, 2010, Reschke, 2004). These problems are broken into separate entities/ instructions to be executed and solved simultaneously by multiple CPUs (Barney, 2010). Modern parallel computers are subject to multiple instructions with multiple data types. They engage in the act of decomposing the domain as a manner of dividing the workload. â€Å"Master nodes implicitly synchronize the computation and communication among processes and high level languages are used† (Karniadakis et al, 2003, p.61). However modern parallel computer architecture today is becoming increasingly complicated and users are considering a transformation of general purpose CPUs to more specialist processors of heterogeneous architectural nature (Brito Alves et al, 2009). In this piece of writing, I will put into perspective a critical engagement of graphics processing units (GPUs), which are highly efficient at the manipulation of computer graphics and are used to process significant amounts of data simultaneously. They play their roles effectively making them even more efficient than all-purpose CPUs for solving algorithmic problems. GPUs give a whole new meaning to parallel computing today, due to their dedicated functions. I will focus on this case through critical analysis, argumentation and engagement, to give a comprehensive understanding of modern parallel computing. Graphics Processing Units A Graphics Processing Unit is a multi-core processor that was introduced to the community of scientific computing on the 31st of August 1999 (Brito Alves et al, 2009; Nvidia Corporation, 2011).   The ‘processor’ is the very basic component of processing, which executes instructions that refer to the functions aimed at various devices. The grouping of processors is known as a ‘multiprocessor’ (Paolini, 2009). An individual GPU distinctly contains hundreds of these core processors giving systems the access to several cores at the same time (Brito Alves et al, 2009). Modern GPUs have revolutionised from machines which simply rendered services to immensely parallel all-purpose processors. â€Å"Recently, they exceeded 1 TeraFLOPS 7, outrunning the computational power of commodity CPUs by two orders of magnitude† (Diamantaras et al, 2010, p.83). GPUs nowadays aid concurrent ï ¬â€šoating-point computations inclusive of its shaders and programming pipelines. Therefore the functionalities of GPUs have enhanced to be more applicable than how it was before (Offerman, 2010). On a normal processor, it is the control flow which gains the position of prominence. This denotes how the algorithms process data and variables. A modern GPU on the other hand, provides a stream processing model which helps execute the traditional concurrent calculations utilized in â€Å"High Performance Computing (HPC), industrial, finance, engineering programs and in High performance technical computing (HPTC)† (Offerman, 2010,p.32-33). GPU manufacturers however had in fact failed to detect the opportunity not until the consumers began to manipulate those new capabilities. The manufacturers began to elongate their current product lines to add GPGPU (General-purpose computing on graphics processing units) solutions merely after HPC programs were used in game consoles and graphics adapters (Offerman, 2010). For instance, according to Offerman (2010), â€Å"some users deployed a stack of PlayStation 3 systems to do their parallel calculations. Today, IBM oï ¬â‚¬ers the Cell processor that is speciï ¬ cally designed for this game console as a parallel computing blade† (p.33). The processing models of GPGPUs also known as the general purpose GPUs are massively parallel, but they heavily rely on â€Å"off-chip video memory† (Halfhill, 2008, p.3) in order to run on big sets of data. Distinct threads need interacting with one another via this off-chip memory. As the frequency of memory access increase, the performance tends to get limited (Halfhill, 2008). Those who manufactured graphics processors were slow at adopting the GPGPU trends, judging by the sales made on the high end systems for HPC and HPTC (Offerman, 2010).   Offerman (2010) states, â€Å"The double precision ï ¬â€šoating-point operations have been introduced over the last years, but performance in that area is still lacking. The same goes for access to memory.† (p.34). Regardless of these disadvantages, the nVidia and the ATI presently provide a product line which is targeted at GPGPU programmes (Offerman, 2010). As for ATI the product portfolio consist of Stream products whereas for nVidia it consists of Tesla cards â€Å"based on their GeForce 8 GPUs† (Offerman, 2010, p.34) which could be unfolded by making use of the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) which will be discussed further on in the essay. Computing on GPGPU obits around significant data structures and matrixes â€Å"where super-fast and in parallel relatively small computations are performed on the individual elements† (Offerman, 2010, p.33). This is the reason why a graphics processor has an even greater local memory compared to a traditional CPU. Therefore it makes a GPU particularly suitable for significant parallel applications today (Offerman, 2010). A GPU uses an important ‘Single Program, Multiple Data’ (SPMD) architecture for the purpose of specialising on intensely parallel calculations. A heavy amount of the data processing is done through the devotion of transistors instead of caching data (Alerstam et al, 2008). GPUs today are highly data parallel processors which are utilized to give substantially high â€Å"floating point arithmetic throughput† (Alerstam et al, 2008, p. 060504-1) for issues meant to be resolved using the SPMD model. â€Å"On a GPU, the SPMD model works by launching thousands of threads running the same program called the kernel working on different data.   The ability of the GPU to rapidly switch between threads in combination with the high number of threads ensures the hardware is busy at all times† (Alerstam et al, 2008, p. 060504-1). This capability efficiently conceals memory latency, and the performance of GPUs will also be improved by combining with multiple levels of h igh bandwidth memory, accessible in the latest GPUs (Alerstam et al, 2008). â€Å"Nvidia revolutionized the GPGPU and accelerated the computing world in 2006-2007 by introducing its new massively parallel â€Å"CUDA† architecture. The CUDA architecture consists of 100s of processor cores that operate together to crunch through the data set in the application† (Nvidia Coropration, 2011, p.1). The CUDA GPU programming framework from Nvidia enables the growth of parallel applications through the elongation of C, which is known as â€Å"C for CUDA† (Diamantaras et al, 2010). Nvidia’s CUDA is a software platform for a massive degree of high performance parallel computing on any firm’s powerful GPUs. (Halfhill, 2008) The CUDA is a model which has the ability to scale parallel programming. â€Å"The CUDA programming model has the SPMD software style, in which a programmer writes a program for one thread that is instanced and executed by many threads in parallel on the multiple processors of the GPU† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-5). This CUDA model regards graphics devices as discrete co-processors to the CPU. CUDA programs as mentioned before â€Å"are based on the C programming language with certain extensions to utilize the parallelism of the GPU. These extensions also provide very fast implementations of standard mathematical functions such as trigonometric functions, ï ¬â€šoating point divisions, logarithms, etc.† (Alerstam et al, 2008, p.060504-2) Kernel functions which are basically C functions carried out in N parallel thr eads initiate the calculations on GPUs. In a semantic manner, the threads are formed in 1-2-3- proportional sets of up to threads of 512 known as ‘blocks’.   Every block is planned to run independently of each other on a multiprocessor. These blocks are simultaneously or sequentially executed in any order based on the resources of the system. However, this scalable notion comes at the cost of limiting communication amongst the threads (Diamantaras et al, 2010). For multiple threads to run simultaneously, a type of architecture known as the ‘Single Instruction, Multiple Threads’ (SIMT) is employed by the multiprocessors. The SIMT units in the multiprocessors develop planned activities and carries out sets of 32 parallel threads in regular succession. The efficient levels could be maximised if the identical instruction path is executed by every thread. The access of memory from the multiple threads could be joined together into one act of transacting memory, given that the successive threads obtain data from the very segment of memory (Diamantaras et al, 2010).   Diamantaras, Duch and Iliadi (2010) argue further, â€Å"Following such specific access patterns can dramatically improve the memory utilization and is essential for optimizing the performance of an application.† (p.83). Regardless of such optimal results, the CUDA framework is in fact meant for applications with a high concentration of arithmetic memory (Diaman taras et al, 2010). The CUDA model like the GPGPU model is massively parallel. However, it separates the sets of data into relatively small compact masses which are stored in on-chip memories. Several thread processors are then allowed to share every mass. The local storage of data cuts down the necessity of obtaining off-chip memory, which improves the performance. From time to time threads do need to obtain off-chip memory, for instance, to load off-chip data needed into the local memory. Off-chip memory accesses in the CUDA normally do not delay the thread processors. Rather, the delayed threads go into a queue of inactive nature and are substituted for another thread which would be available for execution.   As soon as the delayed data of the threads become obtainable, the threads enter into other queues which signal that they are ready to go. Bands of threads alternatively execute in a round-robin style, making sure that every thread gets to be executed on time without stalling the other threads (Halfhill, 2008). A prominent characteristic of a modern CUDA model is that programmers do not write threaded code in a clear concise manner. The manager of hardware threads manages the threading almost mechanically (Halfhill, 2008). â€Å"Automatic thread management is vital when multithreading scales to thousands of threads- as with Nvidia’s GeForce 8 GPUs, which can manage as many as 12,288 concurrent threads† (Halfhill, 2008, p.3). Even though the threads are light in weight, meaning that every thread runs on relatively small pieces of data, these threads are in fact fully developed. All threads have their own stacks, register files, program counters and local memories. Every thread processor has 32 bit wide 1024 registers enforced in static random access memory (SRAM) rather than latches. The GPUs preserve the threads which are not active and regenerate them once they reach their active form again. As Halfhill (2008) states, â€Å"Instructions from multiple threads can share a thre ad processor’s instruction pipeline at the same time, and the processors can switch their attention among these threads in a single clock cycle. All this run-time thread management is transparent to the programmer† (p.3) By taking away the load of managing the threads in an explicit manner, Nvivia makes the programming model more simplified. It removes an entire class of all likely bugs. Theoretically, the CUDA model eliminates the possibility of having deadlocks amongst the threads where deadlocks are said to be the occurrence of a blockage between many threads which prevents the threads from influencing and controlling the data. This creates repulsion where no single thread may be allowed to continue. The risk of having deadlocks is that they could lie in and wait without any detection in well behaved codes for decades (Halfhill, 2008).   CUDA could eliminate any deadlock, regardless of the number of threads running.   An application programming interface (API) named ‘syncthreads’ supplies clear synchronization of barriers. â€Å"Calling syncthreads at the outer level of a section of code invokes a compiler-intrinsic function that translates into a single instruction for the GPUâ €  (Halfhill, 2008, p.4). This instruction prevents threads from running on data which other threads are making use of. The point at which graphics processing intersects with parallel computing comes a modern prototype for graphics called ‘visual computing’. It plays a role of replacing broad segments of the â€Å"traditional sequential hardware graphics pipeline model† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-4) with geometric programming components, pixel and vertex systems. Patterson and Hennessy (2009) argue, â€Å"Visual computing in a modern GPU combines graphics processing and parallel computing in novel ways that permit new graphic algorithms to be implemented, and open the doors to entirely new parallel processing applications on pervasive high-performance GPUs.† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-4). Even though GPUs are considered to be the most parallel and the most potent processors in an average computer, they are arguably not the only processors in existence. CPUs have become multicore and in the near future would turn into manycore. They are considered to be primary successive processor companions and tend to compliment the hugely parallel manycore GPUs. These dual typed processors would incorporate heterogeneous multiprocessors (Patterson et al, 2009). GPUs have evolved into scalable parallel processors. The modern GPUs have further developed (function wise) from Video Graphics Arrays (VGA) controllers of constrained capabilities to programme centric parallel processors. The revolution has continued from the change of API based graphics pipelines to integrated programme centric components and by also devising a more programmable and less specialised hardware pipeline stage. In the end, it seemed sensible to unify distinct programmable pipelines to a merged array of several processors which were programmable. In the â€Å"GeForce 8-series generation of GPUs† (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A-5), the processing of pixel, vertex and geometry operate on the very same processor type.   This fusion enables impressive scalability. The entire system is greatened by more processor cores as process functions can make use of the total processor array (Patterson et al, 2009). The processor array is now made with fewer processors on the side of the spectrum as every function can be operated on the very same processor (Patterson et al, 2009, p.A5). However, a lesson that could be learnt from GPUs and graphics processing software is that an API does not disclose concurrency to programmers in a direct manner (Asanovic et al, 2006). â€Å"OpenGL, for instance, allows the programmer to describe a set of â€Å"vertex shader† operations in Cg (a specialized language for describing such operations) that are applied to every polygon in the scene without having to consider how many hardware fragment processors or vertex processors are available in the hardware implementation of the GPU† (Asanovic et al, 2006, p.13) The uniformity and scalability of the arrays brings modern programming models for GPUs. Solving non graphics issues is made possible by the significant amounts of floating-point power embedded in the processor arrays of the GPUs (Patterson et al, 2009). As Patterson and Hennessy (2009) say â€Å"Given the large degree of parallelism and the range of scalability of the processor array for graphics applications, the programming model for more general computing must express the massive parallelism directly but allow for scalable execution† (p.A-5). The vanguard of GPU hardware provides several floating points units running simultaneously on Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) vectors. They too run on scalar data types. Therefore a GPU could also carry out scalar functions concurrently, providing heterogeneous parallelism (Fritz, 2009). â€Å"Various generations of Intel Pentiums and Power PCs only feature up to three 4-way SIMD vector processing units.† (Fritz, 2009, p.2). What this signifies is that a GPU could provide SIMD parallelism in both a single component and even across a battalion of components; alternatively just the element wise parallelism is exploited by SIMD CPUs (Fritz, 2009). It is believed by Intel that (many core) processors support tens and thousands of multiple threads. Following a series of tests with the hyper threading and dual core technologies, those who manufacture CPUs have now undeniably entered the (multi core) era. In the not so distant future, all-purpose processors would contain not just tens and hundreds but thousands of cores (Offerman, 2010). However, according to nVidia, such processors do exist in the modern times; graphics processors contain tens and hundreds of cores and support thousands of multiple threads. GPUs are presently being separated as chips on graphics cards and motherboards. They are gradually being used by programmers who code applications (Offerman, 2010). â€Å"For specific problems they have found mappings onto these graphics engines that result in speedups by two orders of magnitude† (Offerman, 2010, p.1). These graphics processor manufacturers have become fully aware of this opportunity and are making efforts at devising their merchandise to access not just graphics processors (Offerman, 2010). From the point of view of a programmer, a CPU offers multi thread models enabling many control-flow instructions, whereas a GPU offers stream processing models which puts â€Å"large performance penalty on control flow changes..Currently, new programming languages and extensions to current languages are developed, supporting both explicit and implicit parallelism† (Offerman, 2010, p.1). All-purpose processing on a GPU is commonly known as â€Å"Stream Computing†. They stress on parallel computing which results in high performance. As Paolini (2009) quotes â€Å"Beyond simple multithreaded programming, stream computing represents a logical extreme, where a massive number of threads work concurrently toward a common goal† (p.49). However, even though a GPU consists of multiple core processors, they are mostly not all-purpose CPU cores. Therefore the cores become limited in susceptibility.   For instance, the modern NVidia GPU consists of several multiprocessors where each processor contains several SIMD stream processors. However, the memory structure in the architecture seems to be complex. Multiple memory types in the GPUs are categorised according to their scope. â€Å"Registers serve individual processors; shared memory, constant cache, and texture cache serve multiprocessors; and global device memory serves all cores† (Brito Alves et al, 20 09 p.785; Richardson and Gray, 2008). A reduced latency is allowed in the processor level by the memory so that the threads in the same block could communicate with each other whereas accessing the global device memory seems to have an increased latency which can be obtained from the CPU. â€Å"The problem must be highly parallel so that the program can break it into enough threads to keep the individual processors busy† (Wolfe, 2008, p.785). GPU architecture today has great potential in scientific computing and has the ability to provide effective parallel solutions for linear systems (Brito Alves et al, 2009). Conclusion Based on the facts and arguments mentioned above, it can be concluded that GPUs are in fact highly parallel structures. They make use of specialist architectures to execute extreme parallel calculations. Great emphasis was placed on the CUDA as it plays a vital role in the functioning of GPUs; The CUDA being a parallel computing architecture is the computing engine in a GPU. Professor Dongarra (2011), the Director of the Innovative Computing Laboratory of The University of Tennessee, states that GPUs have evolved to the point where many real-world applications are easily implemented on them and run significantly faster than on multi-core systems. Future computing architectures will be hybrid systems with parallel-core GPUs working in tandem with multi-core CPUs. (p.1). â€Å"Graphics processors deliver their highest performance at successive, relatively simple, massively parallel operations on large matrixes, using as few as possible control ï ¬â€šow instructions† (Offerman, 2010, p.34). Modern GPUs today have embedded architecture which enables the GPUs to emphasize on the execution of multiple concurrent threads.   This unique GPGPU approach known to solving computational problems gives GPUs the better edge to carrying out parallel computing in a more effective and comprehensive manner, making it one of the most parallel structures in the computer world today. Bibliography Alerstam, E., Svensson, T., Andersson-Engels, S. (2008) Parallel Computing with Graphics processing units for high-speed Monte Carlo simulation of phonton migration ONLINE: atomic.physics.lu.se/fileadmin/atomfysik/Biophotonics/Publications/Alerstam2008_JBOLetters.pdf [Accessed 28 March 2011] Asanovic, K.,  Bodik, R., Catanzaro, C.B.,   Gebis,  J.J., Husbands, P., Keutzer, K., Patterson, D.A.,  Plishker, W.L., Shalf, J.,  Williams, S.W., Yelick, K.A. (2006)   The Landscape of Parallel Computing Research: A View from Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley scribd.com/doc/52168004/7/Computer-Graphics-and-Games [Accessed 31 March 2011] Barney, B. (2010) Introduction to Parallel Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ONLINE: https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/ [Accessed 30 March 2011] Brito Alves, R.M., Oller Nascimento, C.A., Biscaia Jr. E.C. (2009) 10th International Symposium on process systems engineering, Computer-Aided chemical engineering, 27 ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o5WVnm6RjosCpg=PA783dq=modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=WXyQTfftOoPJhAe1qIC8Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDoQ6AEwAA#v=snippetq=Modern%20computing%20architectures%20are%20becoming%20more%20complex%20and%20the%20parallel%20computing%20f=false [Accessed 31 March 2011]   Diamantaras, K., Duch,W., Lliadis, L.S. (2010) Artificial Neural Networks- ICANN 2010, Part III, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heiderlberg Copyright ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MZZwacoqtywCpg=PA83dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFEQ6AEwBg#v=onepageq=TeraFLOPSf=false   [Accessed 29 March 2011] Dongarra, J. (2011) Director of the Innovative Computing Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Nvidia Corporation (2011) ONLINE: nvidia.com/object/GPU_Computing.html [Accessed 4 April 2011] Fritz, N. (2009) SIMD Code Generation in Data-Parallel Programming. ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hfrHzojrT-wCpg=PA1dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=graphics%20processing%20modern%20parallel%20computingf=true   [Accessed 1 April 2011] Halfhill, T.R. (2008) Parallel Processing with CUDA, Nvidia’s High-Performance Computing Platform Uses Massive Multithreading. Microprocessor: The Insider’s Guide to Microprocessor Hardware. ONLINE: hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000123243/3+Parallel+Processing+with+CUDA.pdf [Accessed 29 March 2011] Karniadakis, G., Kirby, R.M. (2003) Parallel Scientific Computing in C++ and MPI A Seamless Approach to Parallel Algorithms and Their Implementation, Cambridge University Press ONLINE:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KctfgAHqtl0Cpg=PA61dq=modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=WXyQTfftOoPJhAe1qIC8Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CFMQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=modern%20parallel%20computingf=false  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Accessed 1 April 2011] Knowledge Base (2010) What are parallel computing, grid computing and supercomputing? University Information Technology Services, Indiana University ONLINE: http://kb.iu.edu/data/angf.html [Accessed 28 March 2011] Nvidia Corporation (2011) ONLINE: nvidia.com/object/GPU_Computing.html [Accessed 1 April 2011] Offerman, A. (2010) Modern Commodity Hardware for Parallel Computing, and Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence, Leiden University ONLINE: offerman.com/GPGPU/AO-psychology_thesis_report.pdf [Accessed 29 March 2011] Paolini. A.L. (2009) A real-time super resolution implementation using modern graphics processing units, University of Delaware ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZdC0bzbe95MCpg=PA49dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 30 March 2011] Patterson, D.A., Hennessy, J.L. (2009) Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware / Software Interface, 4th Edition ONLINE: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3b63x-0P3_UCpg=SL1-PA4dq=graphics+processing+modern+parallel+computinghl=enei=S6-RTb6yBsXLhAekn9yRDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=graphics%20processing%20modern%20parallel%20computingf=false [Accessed 29 March 2011] Reschke, J. (2004) Parallel Computing (Presentation)

Battle of Isandlwana - Anglo-Zulu War

Battle of Isandlwana - Anglo-Zulu War Battle of Isandlwana - Conflict The Battle of Isandlwana was part of the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa. Date The British were defeated on January 22, 1879. Armies Commanders British Lieutenant Colonel Henry PulleineLieutenant Colonel Anthony William Durnford1,400 British, 2,500 African infantry Zulu Ntshingwayo kaMAholeMavumengwana kaMdlela Ntuliapprox. 12,000 infantry Background In December 1878, following the death of several British citizens at the hands of the Zulus, authorities in the South African province of Natal issued an ultimatum to the Zulu king Cetshwayo demanding that the perpetrators be turned over for trial. This request was refused and the British began preparations to cross the Tugela River and invade Zululand. Led by Lord Chelmsford, British forces advanced in three columns with one moving along the coast, another from the north and west, and the Centre Column advancing through Rourkes Drift towards Cetshwayos base at Ulundi. To counter this invasion, Cetshwayo mustered a massive army of 24,000 warriors. Armed with spears and old muskets, the army was divided in two with one section sent to intercept the British on the coast and the other to defeat the Centre Column. Moving slowly, Centre Column reached Isandlwana Hill on January 20, 1879. Making camp in the shadow of the rocky promontory, Chelmsford sent out patrols to locate the Zulus. The following day, a mounted force under Major Charles Dartnell encountered a strong Zulu force. Fighting through the night, Dartnell was not able to break off contact until early on the 22nd. The British Move After hearing from Dartnell, Chelmsford resolved to move against the Zulus in force. At dawn, Chelmsford led 2,500 men and 4 guns out from Isandlwana to track down the Zulu army. Though badly outnumbered, he was confident that British firepower would adequately compensate for his lack of men. To guard the camp at Isandlwana, Chelmsford left 1,300 men, centered on the 1st Battalion of the 24th Foot, under Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pulleine. In addition, he ordered Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Durnford, with his five troops of native cavalry and a rocket battery, to join Pulleine. On the morning of the 22nd, Chelmsford began vainly searching for the Zulus, unaware that they had slipped around his force and were moving on Isandlwana. Around 10:00 Durnford and his men arrived at the camp. After receiving reports of Zulus to the east, he departed with his command to investigate. At approximately 11:00, a patrol led by Lieutenant Charles Raw discovered the main body of the Zulu army in a small valley. Spotted by the Zulus, Raws men began a fighting retreat back to Isandlwana. Warned of the Zulus approach by Durnford, Pulleine began forming his men for battle. The British Destroyed An administrator, Pulleine had little experience in the field and rather than ordering his men to form a tight defensive perimeter with Isandlwana protecting their rear he ordered them into a standard firing line. Returning to the camp, Durnfords men took a position on the right of the British line. As they approached the British, the Zulu attack formed into the traditional horns and chest of the buffalo. This formation allowed the chest to hold the enemy while the horns worked around the flanks. As the battle opened, Pulleines men were able to beat off the Zulu attack with disciplined rifle fire. On the right, Durnfords men began to run low on ammunition and withdrew to the camp leaving the British flank vulnerable. This coupled with orders from Pulleine to fall back towards the camp led to a collapse of the British line. Attacking from the flanks the Zulus were able to get between the British and the campsite. Overrun, British resistance was reduced to a series of desperate last stands as the 1st Battalion and Durnfords command were effectively wiped out. Aftermath The Battle of Isandlwana proved to be the worst defeat ever suffered by British forces against native opposition. All told, the battle cost the British 858 killed as well as 471 of their African troops for a total of 1,329 dead. Casualties among the African forces tended to be lower as they filtered away from the battle during its early stages. Only 55 British soldiers managed to escape the battlefield. On the Zulu side, casualties were approximately 3,000 killed and 3,000 wounded. Returning to Isandlwana that night, Chelmsford was stunned to find a bloody battlefield. In the wake of the defeat and the heroic defense of Rourkes Drift, Chelmsford set about regrouping British forces in the region. With the full support of London, which wished to see the defeat avenged, Chelmsford went on to defeat the Zulus at the Battle of Ulundi on July 4 and capture Cetshwayo on August 28. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of IsandlwanaIsandlwana Campaign

Infectious disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Infectious disease - Research Paper Example Dr. Kai Kliiman has also been an efficient manager for the National Tuberculosis Program. The authors have a biased interest as they tend to incline their article to their point of view. Though there is also some vested interest which is obvious through the biased interest, the article does not tend to show any prejudices. Since the article talks about established facts and has less to do with assumptions, this article shows the biased interest of the authors than the vested interest. This is a peer reviewed article and this can be confirmed by the article itself. The article does attribute the critical revision, provision on study materials, collection and assembly of data and other important aspects of the article just to both the authors and no other source of cross check involved and hence it is obvious that this is a peer reviewed article. The article â€Å"Predictors of extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis† is about the study conducted on several patients in Estonia suffering from culture confirmed pulmonary-tuberculosis. The article educates the readers about the brief study conducted on patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and multi drug but non-extensively drug resistant tuberculosis and the efforts to identify the their causes. ... s and continents in which it is prevailing and is spreading, and also speaks about the number of deaths that are reported every year owing to this infectious disease. The article speaks much about the studies conducted on patients of Estonia, which had the highest number of cases of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Initially the reader gets exposed to the details of the spread of the disease in spite of the measures that had been taken and also the effect of NTP (National Tuberculosis Control Program). This in association of HIV virus is spoken about and their combined effect is also talked about. â€Å"In certain African countries and many parts of Southeast Asia, HIV is becoming more and more endemic. Where tuberculosis is also endemic among the population, a weakened immune system will increase the risk of getting tuberculosis. This is an extremely worrying situation and the WHO and the IUATLD are doing all they can to prevent the disease from spreading† (Dr.Pallisgaard, 21). The adoption of several sophisticated methods for this study is also mentioned in the article. The study has taken into consideration factors like sex, age, place of birth, economic status and other factors like drinking habits, marital status and employment and studied their effects too. These tests were conducted dividing the patients into three separate groups, namely the extensively drug resistance tuberculosis, multi drug but non-extensively drug resistant tuberculosis and non- multi drug but non-extensively drug resistant tuberculosis. All the data pertaining to the patients has been collected and stored in a database. Tests have been conducted in highly equipped labs and highly qualified people as per the directions of WHO. In each case susceptibility has been gauged separately and

Problematical Gender Identity in Romper Stomper Essay

Problematical Gender Identity in Romper Stomper - Essay Example It seems that the main character of the movie, Hando, has absorbed all the exaggerated negative characteristics of manhood at once. Hando attracts most attention with the help of â€Å"mixture of menace and animal magnetism† (Holden, 1993). His masculinity is overwhelming, charismatic, and absolutely distorted. Moreover, all the characters of â€Å"Romper Stomper† look like saturated versions of themselves: emotionally unstable girl with serious mental disorders, her perverted father living in luxury, obedient skinhead that stays with his grandmother when he decides to quit his criminal life. This combination of exaggerated negative masculine and feminine traits creates certain dissonance of perception: characters are portrayed as either men or women while their general human qualities are neglected. Thus, the problematic gender identity of the characters prevents them from being humans as it imposes too many obligations and requirements. It is impossible to deny that images created by media texts have a serious impact on society. Whether watching TV, looking through magazines or not people still shape their understanding of how a real man or a real woman should look like from media. In this regard, the image of masculinity and femininity can also be attributed to media construction (Gautlett, 2008). Moreover, according to the queer theory formulated by Foucault in the 1990s sex and gender are rather socially constructed than inherited or predetermined biologically (Queer Theory, 2010). That is why the creation of masculine or feminine identity is determined by a number of factors such as social pressures, traditions, conforming, linguistic and symbolic codes and so on.  

A Report on Progress on Building of Leisure Centre Proposal

A Report on Progress on Building of Leisure Centre Proposal REPORT ON PROGRESS ON BUILDING OF LEISURE CENTRE PROPOSAL SHERBURY CONFIDENTIAL To: M. Smith, Head of Analysis of Proposals From: N. Rafie, Proposal AnalystDate: 1st May 2015 BACKGROUND There is dissent in the town of Sherbury, Wealdshre County which has been linked to the apparent lack of leisure amenities and facilities in the town itself. Several social issues have been identified such as an increasing crime rate as well as cases of gangs and alcoholism mostly pertaining to teens of Sherbury which has been blamed on the previously kentioned lack of amenities and activities to do in town. As a countermeasure to the social issues and the lack of facilities, Sherbury has decided to start to look at the possibility of building a Leisure Centre. FINDINGS There is a severe lack of leisure amenities and facilities, in particular those that cater to young people and this has been deemed the root cause to the social issues that are becoming apparent in Shersbury. According to police reports there have been an increase in the amount of criminal cases in Sherbury specifically cases involving vandalism and drunk and disorderly behaviour involving the teenage demographic. They have seen an increase of 32% and 24% respectively. It has to be noted that the increase for teen drunk and disorderly behaviour was seen within the last 12 months. There is growing concern with social workers regarding a surge in teenage alcoholism and roaming teenage gangs present at the town centre and housing estates. The social workers attribute these growing social issues to â€Å"boredom derived from little or nothing to do in the evenings. There are only two youth clubs in the town, both of which are oversubscribed. Denial of entry has been met with attempts to disrupt the youth clubs’ activities by older teenagers. The local weekly newspaper, The Sherbury Chronicle has been campaigning for improvements in leisure facilities over these last 6 weeks. The paper has utilised their medium to campaign with scathing editorials with headlines such as â€Å"Council Fuddy-duddies forget their youth. Readers of the Sherbury Chronicle have changed their views regarding the issue have changed from sympathetic to condemnatory due to the correspondence the readers and the paper have which has been labelled as â€Å"Lively†. Town Councillors of Sherbury have been actively canvassing for the building of a leisure centre in order to provide for they consider the town to be sorely lacking amenities. Sherbury Town Councillor James Hillingdon referred to the current situation as a â€Å"shocking state of affairs† pointing out that Sherbury has nothing to offer its young people in the evenings but violent films in its local cinema and alcoholic beverages from its ten central public houses at a recent council meeting. There have been cases of local sports clubs and associations making representation to councillors and to County Hall officials. Some Sherbury sports enthusiasts are travelling thirty miles or more in order to find the amenities that they seek. There are existing sports facilities in Sherbury however they predominantly provide for outdoor sports. There are also sports facilities that are provided for indoor sports in the community hall however this is reportedly over crowded. There have been several activities that have been suggested for inclusion in any future Leisure Centre include table tennis, badminton, basketball, tennis, swimming, judo, karate, volleyball, ten-pin bowling, snooker and billiards, gymnastics and for older members yoga, relaxation classes and keep fit together with a club room for darts dominoes and quieter activities. A rough projection for the building of the leisure centre has been estimated at  £1.8 million Two sites have been identified as suitable for the leisure centre the first at Charles Bowley Recreation Park in Northern Sherbury and the second in Central Sherbury. There are many options available for the funding of the project, increasing council tax in conjunction with securing government grants as well as funding from the Lottery Commission. There are local sports associations that have suggested possible fund raising activities. The Chief Executive of the Council has formed a working party that is made up of representatives from the Planning Department, Architectural Department, Community Liaison office and Spots Advisory Office due to mounting pressure. The working party is tasked with investigating the need for a leisure centre, make projections regarding building and maintenance costs, make suggestion with regard to location and make proposals concerning the types of activities it should house and the layout of various halls and rooms as well as provide a set of recommendations to be submitted to the Council for debate. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is safe to say that the root cause of the social issues that are affecting Sherbury is centred on its young people and the lack of amenities and lack of activities which they can expand their energies on. There are facilities and youth clubs in the town that do provide activities for young people however due to their size and lack of facilities it is not enough to provide for all of them. This often leads to conflict between those who are already involved with the clubs and those who are not. This in turn may exacerbate the increasing crime rate as the disruption of club activities may lead to even less people being involved with the clubs. The only activities to do in town such as watching movies and partaking in the consumption of alcohol are contributing even more to the advent of the social issues in Sherbury such as vandalism, gangs and teenage alcoholism. The lack of facilities is not only facilitating the increase of social issues in Sherbury, it is also making it highly inconvenient for many sports enthusiasts who have to travel a considerable distance in order to access facilities that allow them to partake in their sports. This inconvenience can also be considered a loss to the local economy for Sherbury as these potential consumers now bring their business to other towns as well as a loss of the potential to groom local talent in terms of competitive events. All in all I think that Sherbury should proceed with the building of the leisure centre as this would solve many of Sherbury’s current issues. It has to be noted that while it will help deter the effects of the social issues in Sherbury it has to be used in conjunction with other policies as well as understanding that the project will take time and its effects will take time to be seen. So patience will need to be exercised by the Sherbury council as well as its residents. Although the cost of building of the centre is quite high ( £1.8 million) it has to be understood that the social costs will be even higher with crime rates increasing as well as teens turning to alcoholism and gang behaviour, the social repercussions of not doing anything will be higher than the actual financial costs. The provision of activities will enable the youth to expand their energies on activities that are productive and will hopefully help the youth gain a sense of identity from something positive rather than having to end up in a gang or turning to alcohol. Sherbury needs to ensure that they are able to deal with their social issues directly rather than putting all their hopes on the leisure centre to make the issues go away. Sherbury needs to increase security as well as enforce new laws that make sure that the teens will not have access to alcohol too freely. Maybe something along the lines of increasing police patrols in areas that have been frequented by these gangs as well as restricting the public houses from selling alcoholic beverages past a certain time for those who are below the age of 20. The existing youth clubs need to be nurtured and aided further in order to help reduce the effects of social issues. Considering the fact that there are already established Youth Clubs in Sherbury, the council would not have to do any actual work other than maybe fund the clubs in order to increase their capacity to take in new members. By expanding the capacity of the clubs as well as providing them new operating quarters in the new Leisure Centre, the council would be killing two birds with one stone, providing activities for the youth as well as gaining occupants for the centre. Establishing the Leisure Centre will benefit the local sporting community greatly and they understand this with many local sports associations supporting the proposal as well as offering to help fund the project. The council would do well to remember this as the town will benefit greatly should the local sports associations flourish as this will allow the town to produce talent from youth who now have something productive to be involved with. It also has to be considered that the previous situation where Sherbury sports enthusiast were traveling far in order to access sports facilities, the building of the leisure centre may well attract enthusiast from other towns as well. This will help the not just strengthen the sporting community but aid the local economy as well. Out of the two locations, I would suggest the council build it in the Northern Suburbs as a central location, while good for businesses in the area may not have enough space to include all the possible activities that can be provided by the centre as well as not being able to provide enough parking space for users of the centre. (1587 words) 3. a) Opening The opening of an interview is what will set the tone for the rest of the interview, it is in the opening of an interview where the purpose of the interview is made clear therefore. Once the purpose of the interview is made clear the process is made much more easier as all parties will understand why they are there and what it is expected of them. The opening will establish the tone and atmosphere of the interview as well as indicate the level of formality or informality that the interview will take. By setting the tone of the interview, interviewees can be put at ease, or unease according to what the interviewer wants. It is in the opening where the flow of the interview is decided. Questions – In an interview there are two simple rules of thumb, ask the right questions and listen to the answers. An interviewer should prepare the questions that should be asked in order to elicit information from the interviewee that is desirable and therefore making the interview productive. Pacing of the questions should be controlled carefully as important information may be glossed over or leading to the interviewee digressing. As previously mentioned It is paramount for the interviewer to be able to ask the right questions, however it equally as important for the interviewer to ask at the right time. Closure – Closing the interview is as important as opening it, for it is in the closure where all information should be summarised, leading to an easy confirmation of information and determining whether the objectives of the interview have been met. It has to be noted that the position of both parties are clarified at the closure of the interview. Whether a compromise or agreement has been made or not and clear communication of this from both parties will further enable whether further action should be taken and if so, in what form. It is in the closure that decisions should be made only if one or both parties have the authority and information to make it. Follow Up – Once the interview is finished it is important for the interviewer to proceed to assimilate the information gleaned from the interview. The information should be recorded properly in order to build up a record of the interview and the interviewee thus making any future attempts to locate information regarding the interview or interviewee much easier. A decision needs to be made following the interview, and this is easier done once all in formation is assimilated thus any determination of any decision can be made as a result of the interview will be more concise and easily made. Also any actions that were agreed upon during the interview should be followed up on. b) 4.a) Polite – It is important for those working in customer service to be polite to the parties they are dealing with. Staff members need to be able to talk properly with good manners in order for the calling party to leave the conversation feeling as though they were dealt with in the proper manner. Even when a customer calls to complain it is important that the staff members maintain their composure and still be polite therefore diffusing a potentially explosive situation and having the complaining party leave the conversation without any resent and feeling better. Knowledgeable – Staff members need to have information that pertains to the subjects that calling parties will be inquiring about, whether this be young people, fitness, the facilities or the centre itself and other information that can be considered relevant to these subjects. Therefore being able to provide the right information to the inquiring parties and having answered their questions satisfactorily is exactly what they need to be able to do. Because a lot of inquirers will not have the information or even incomplete information therefore rendering them unable to make an informed decision as to whether or not they should or can utilise the facilities that the centre provides. Informative – As a lot of calling parties will be inquiring to many subjects as well as ask for advice, personnel need to be able to answer the calling parties to the best of their abilities. This would mean that the staff members have to know what they are talking about as well as be able to explain properly and clearly therefore understanding that having the calling parties leave with understanding how to utilise the information given by the staff member is just as important as having the inquiring party leave with the right information. Understanding – As a lot of parties calling in will be complaining it is important that the staff be able to listen and understand exactly what the party is calling to complain about. And although the staff themselves may not agree with what the customer is complaining about, that is beside the point, hey need to be able to make the complaining party feel better about the situation, and being understanding will ensure that the staff member be able to choose the right words in order to do so. However, it is also important for the staff member to follow up with these complaints and not just offer empty apologies should the complaints be valid. Loquacious – As the job involves a lot of answering questions and in general talking, the staff members need to be able to talk well. Therefore being able to keep a conversation going while at the same time ensuring that they are answering the inquiries or listening to complaints is a core requirement for the job, this is because while a good listener will have all the right information, someone who is able to talk to the calling parties will help the calling party feel as though as they are being treated well. (503 words) b) 1

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay

This rationale focuses on the four areas of ‘Negotiating with Learners’, ‘Inclusive Learning’, ‘Integrating Functional Skills’ and ‘Communication’. During my research I will draw upon a range of sources which include the internet, books, organisation media (leaflets) and lessons learned. Teaching processes should be cooperative between the student and tutor. To this end tutors should plan strategies like initial assessments, agreeing on learning goals and possible actions to be taken by in order to empower learners to achieve these goals. Petty, G (2009, p530) states: â€Å"Each learner is unique and has individual needs. If the needs of our learners are discovered, the chances of success are greatly increased.† thus as a starting point initial assessments should be carried out prior to commencing a programme of education. Different learners have different learning needs and tutors must know their learners well to judge these requirements. This could be undertaken via a range of questions during the enrolment process, forms or/and questionnaires. Information obtained should be kept confidential so learners feel free to disclose as much information about themselves and their learning needs as possible. Agreeing goals and actions should be accomplished between learners and tutors. The effect being the learner will also feel that his/her views and opinions are being heard and taken into consideration. The advantages to the tutor being that the learner understands their responsibility to advance their own education and tasks/objectives/deadlines required to do so. The tutor should monitor the process to make sure learners reach their learning targets along the way and amend goals by agreement setting new actions when objectives are not reached.

The Princess And The Frog Essay - 1848 Words

Fairy tales are timeless entities that will always be relevant in people’s lives. Fairy tales and stories offer entertainment, advice, and moral examples. The creation of fairy tales is important in the development of social norms. Children everywhere would read fairy tales and learn from them. As a result, these fairy tales are translated into multiple languages and allows people with different backgrounds to understand and relate to the story. People take these stories and adapt them to life around them. Within these adaptations of the same story, it is normal to observe slight differences that contribute as evidence in identifying the culture or societies in which these stories come from. Whether it is the slang of the dialogue or the change of location, modern producers and writers are known to take these classic stories and adding a significant twist to adjust to their cultural agenda. The movie, The Princess and the Frog, is a modern example of writers and directors crea ting a modern twist to the popular story of the Brother Grimm’s The Frog King. The Princess and the Frog and The Frog King both encode the mores, values, and beliefs of the cultures of the societies from which they come because, even though they both have similar plot ideas, the differences of the location and the differences of the overall specific plotlines attribute to understanding how their own specific cultures influence the adaptation and the actual story. The Princess and the Frog is a DisneyShow MoreRelatedThe Princess And The Frog1277 Words   |  6 PagesYoung children often hear many fairy tales growing up, one of the most famous is the tale of a princess kissing a frog to magically transform the frog into a prince so that they could live happily ever after. 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Sometimes the hope of something isn’t always stated, but often implied. The Frog King has several examples of implied hopes. Once there was a young Princess that had a golden ball that she loved to play with. One day she was playing catch with